Duncan thoroughly discusses Colombias history from the colonial era to the present. Gender Roles in the 1950's In the 1950's as of now there will always be many roles that will be specifically appointed to eache gender. The Rgimen de Capitulaciones Matrimoniales was once again presented in congress in 1932 and approved into Law 28 of 1932. Colombia remains only one of five South American countries that has never elected a female head of state. [9], In the 1990s, Colombia enacted Ley 294 de 1996, in order to fight domestic violence. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1997. Cano is also mentioned only briefly in Urrutias text, one of few indicators of womens involvement in organized labor., Her name is like many others throughout the text: a name with a related significant fact or action but little other biographical or personal information. Dr. Blumenfeld is also involved in her community through the. . New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. French and James think that the use of micro-histories, including interviews and oral histories, may be the way to fill in the gaps left by official documents. In La Chamba, there are more households headed by women than in other parts of Colombia (30% versus 5% in Rquira)., Most of these households depend on the sale of ceramics for their entire income. In Latin America, factory work is a relatively new kind of labor; the majority of women work in the home and in service or informal sectors, areas that are frequently neglected by historians, other scholars, and officials alike. The body of work done by Farnsworth-Alvear is meant to add texture and nuance to the history of labor in Latin American cities. Children today on the other hand might roll out of bed, when provoked to do so . The data were collected from at least 1000 households chosen at random in Bogot and nearby rural areas. Working in a factory was a different experience for men and women, something Farnsworth-Alvear is able to illuminate through her discussion of fighting in the workplace. Fighting was not only a transgression of work rules, but gender boundaries separat[ed] anger, strength, and self-defense from images of femininity., Most women told their stories in a double voice,. The book, while probably accurate, is flat. Bogot: Editorial Universidad de Antioquia, 1991. It assesses shifting gender roles and ideologies, and the ways that they intersect with a peace process and transitions in a post-Accord period, particularly in relation to issues of transitional justice. In academia, there tends to be a separation of womens studies from labor studies. For example, the blending of forms is apparent in the pottery itself. Saether, Steiner. Bolvar is narrowly interested in union organization, though he does move away from the masses of workers to describe two individual labor leaders. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth. In spite of a promising first chapter, Sowells analysis focuses on organization and politics, on men or workers in the generic, and in the end is not all that different from Urrutias work. As never before, women in the factories existed in a new and different sphere: In social/sexual terms, factory space was different from both home and street. It was safer than the street and freer than the home. The constant political violence, social issues, and economic problems were among the main subjects of study for women, mainly in the areas of family violence and couple relationships, and also in children abuse. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2000. One individual woman does earn a special place in Colombias labor historiography: Mar, Cano, the Socialist Revolutionary Partys most celebrated public speaker., Born to an upper class family, she developed a concern for the plight of the working poor., She then became a symbol of insurgent labor, a speaker capable of electrifying the crowds of workers who flocked to hear her passionate rhetoric., She only gets two-thirds of a paragraph and a footnote with a source, should you have an interest in reading more about her. The workers are undifferentiated masses perpetually referred to in generic terms: carpenters, tailors, and craftsmen.. Friedmann-Sanchezs work then suggests this more accurate depiction of the workforce also reflects one that will continue to affect change into the future. With the growing popularity of the television and the importance of consumer culture in the 1950s, televised sitcoms and printed advertisements were the perfect way to reinforce existing gender norms to keep the family at the center of American society. Not only is his analysis interested in these differentiating factors, but he also notes the importance of defining artisan in the Hispanic context, in contrast to non-Iberian or Marxist characterizations because the artisan occupied a different social stratum in Latin America than his counterparts in Europe. Greens article is pure politics, with the generic mobs of workers differentiated only by their respective leaders and party affiliations. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992. Raisin in the Sun: Gender Roles Defied Following the event of World War Two, America during the 1950s was an era of economic prosperity. 1950 to 57% in 2018 and men's falling from 82% to 69% (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2017, 2018b). This understanding can be more enlightening within the context of Colombian history than are accounts of names and events. Bergquist also says that the traditional approach to labor that divides it into the two categories, rural (peasant) or industrial (modern proletariat), is inappropriate for Latin America; a better categorization would be to discuss labors role within any export production. This emphasis reveals his work as focused on economic structures. This distinction separates the work of Farnsworth-Alvear from that of Duncan, Bergquist, or Sowell. Dr. Friedmann-Sanchez has studied the floriculture industry of central Colombia extensively and has conducted numerous interviews with workers in the region., Colombias flower industry has been a major source of employment for women for the past four decades. There were few benefits to unionization since the nature of coffee production was such that producers could go for a long time without employees. We welcome written and photography submissions. The Digital Government Agenda North America Needs, Medical Adaptation: Traditional Treatments for Modern Diseases Among Two Mapuche Communities in La Araucana, Chile. I would argue, and to an extent Friedmann-Sanchez illustrates, that they are both right: human subjects do have agency and often surprise the observer with their ingenuity. By the 1930s, the citys textile mills were defining themselves as Catholic institutions and promoters of public morality.. These narratives provide a textured who and why for the what of history. The same pattern exists in the developing world though it is less well-researched. Farnsworth-Alvear, Ann. Talking, Fighting, and Flirting: Workers Sociability in Medelln Textile Mills, 1935-1950. In The Gendered Worlds of Latin American Women Workers, edited by John D. French and Daniel James. Duncans book emphasizes the indigenous/Spanish cultural dichotomy in parallel to female/male polarity, and links both to the colonial era especially. Episodes Clips The changing role of women in the 1950s Following the Second World War, more and more women had become dissatisfied with their traditional, homemaking roles. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1998. The ideal nuclear family turned inward, hoping to make their home front safe, even if the world was not. This book is more science than history, and I imagine that the transcripts from the interviews tell some fascinating stories; those who did the interviews might have written a different book than the one we have from those who analyzed the numbers. In the two literary pieces, In the . At the same time, citizens began to support the idea of citizenship for women following the example of other countries. The value of the labor both as income and a source of self-esteem has superseded the importance of reputation. By the middle of the sixteenth century, the Spaniards had established a major foothold in the Americas. Farnsworths subjects are part of an event of history, the industrialization of Colombia, but their histories are oral testimonies to the experience. Fighting was not only a transgression of work rules, but gender boundaries separat[ed] anger, strength, and self-defense from images of femininity. Most women told their stories in a double voice, both proud of their reputations as good employees and their ability to stand up for themselves. Low class sexually lax women. Liberal congressman Jorge Elicer Gaitn defended the decree Number 1972 of 1933 to allow women to receive higher education schooling, while the conservative Germn Arciniegas opposed it. Writing a historiography of labor in Colombia is not a simple task. Familial relationships could make or break the success of a farm or familys independence and there was often competition between neighbors. Eugene Sofer has said that working class history is more inclusive than a traditional labor history, one known for its preoccupation with unions, and that working class history incorporates the concept that working people should be viewed as conscious historical actors. If we are studying all working people, then where are the women in Colombias history? Talking, Fighting, and Flirting: Workers Sociability in, , edited by John D. French and Daniel James. Labor in Latin America: Comparative Essays on Chile, Argentina, Venezuela. of a group (e.g., gender, race) occupying certain roles more often than members of other groups do, the behaviors usu-ally enacted within these roles influence the traits believed to be typical of the group. She is able to make a connection between her specific subject matter and the larger history of working women, not just in Latin America but everywhere. Throughout history and over the last years, women have strongly intended to play central roles in addressing major aspects of the worlda? Specific Roles. Latin America has one of the lowest formally recognized employment rates for women in the world, due in part to the invisible work of home-based labor.Alma T. Junsay and Tim B. Heaton note worldwide increases in the number of women working since the 1950s, yet the division of labor is still based on traditional sex roles. This phenomenon, as well as discrepancies in pay rates for men and women, has been well-documented in developed societies. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1998. The Ceramics of Rquira, Colombia: Gender, Work, and Economic Change,1. The Ceramics of Rquira, Colombia: Gender, Work, and Economic. Most of the women who do work are related to the man who owns the shop. Womens work supports the mans, but is undervalued and often discounted. This paper underscores the essentially gendered nature of both war and peace. The weight of this responsibility was evidently felt by women in the 1950's, 60's and 70's, as overall political participation of women between 1958 and 1974 stood at just 6.79%. In spite of a promising first chapter, Sowells analysis focuses on organization and politics, on men or workers in the generic, and in the end is not all that different from Urrutias work. Oral History, Identity Formation, and Working-Class Mobilization. In The Gendered Worlds of Latin American Women Workers. French, John D. and Daniel James. . Gender Roles In Raisin In The Sun. Bergquist, Labor in Latin America, 353. Sofer, Eugene F. Recent Trends in Latin American Labor Historiography. Latin American Research Review 15 (1980): 167-176. Gender includes the social, psychological, cultural and behavioral aspects of being a man, woman, or other gender identity. In spite of this monolithic approach, women and children, often from the families of permanent hacienda workers, joinedin the coffee harvest., In other words, they were not considered a permanent part of the coffee labor force, although an editorial from 1933 stated that the coffee industry in Colombia provided adequate and almost permanent work to women and children., There were women who participated directly in the coffee industry as the sorters and graders of coffee beans (, Familial relationships could make or break the success of a farm or familys independence and there was often competition between neighbors. The authors observation that religion is an important factor in the perpetuation of gender roles in Colombia is interesting compared to the other case studies from non-Catholic countries. Man is the head of the Family, Woman Runs the House. French and James.
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