The marriage ended in divorce in 1982. Connie Foster, Jodie's older sister, who was nineteen when the film was produced, was cast as her body double for those scenes. Martin Scorsese brought in the film title designer Dan Perri to design the title sequence for Taxi Driver. How old was Cybill Shepherd in Journey of the Heart? He has also failed to develop a sense of humor, especially about himself. She received her second Prime time . The weapons that Travis uses are: a Smith & Wesson Model 29 with an eight-inch barrel, a nickel Smith & Wesson Model 36 with a square butt, mother-of-pearl grips with a flared flat cylinder release hatch, a Smith & Wesson Escort, Astra Constable .32 LR. Standing 5 '9 and 130 pounds, Cybills all-American look differentiated herself from other models at the time, many who weighed as much as a gallon of milk. The producers knew that her role depended on having chemistry with her co-star, and she was involved in the selection of Bruce Willis. He was just a shadow of his former self, and it was remarkable that he could have written 'Taxi Driver' under the circumstances. When Shepherd's agent passed along that message, she responded: How about the real thing? Appearing in one of the iconic movies of all time alongside Robert De Niro, Shepherd got her luster back. Her father's name is William Jennings Shepherd, and he is the manager of the home appliances business. One of the ideas he had was, in the words of biographer Shawn Levy, "about a lonely man wandering New York City with guns and dreaming of an assassination." when they're 10 week old] Sometimes I feel closer to one than to the . [21] In a 2007 interview with Metro Weekly, she described herself as being "a goddess-worshipping Christian Pagan Buddhist". In November 2013, he revealed that Schrader had done a first draft but both he and Scorsese thought that it was not good enough to go beyond. Suffering from insomnia, disturbed loner Travis Bickle (Robert De Niro) takes a job as a New York City cabbie, haunting the streets nightly, growing i Tatum later said she would have preferred to have played Iris. He watches American Bandstand but doesn't think to start learning an instrument, or how to sing or dance. Jodie soon learned to follow his improv as he weaved back and forth to the original script, in essence teaching her how to effectively build a character beyond the screenplay. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise One of the biggest rumors is that, when facing an X-rating from the MPAA and having to edit the film, Scorsese stayed up all night drinking with a loaded gun in his hand, preparing to shoot the executive at Columbia Pictures the next day. Schrader's script clicked with Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro when they read it. The total budget was around $1.8 million, of which less than $200,000 went to talent salaries. American actress and former model (born 1950), Polly Platt talks about the magazine cover discovery in the film documentary based on the, Shepherd was replaced on the talk show by, Best Actress in a Comedy/Musical TV Series, Martha, Inc.: The Story of Martha Stewart, How to Murder Your Husband: The Nancy Brophy Story, Best Actress in a TV series, Comedy/Musical, Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year Actress, Golden Globe Award for Best Actress Television Series Musical or Comedy, People's Choice Award for Favorite Female Performer in a Television Series, Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series, Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, Satellite Award for Best Actress Television Series Musical or Comedy, Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series, "Cybill Shepherd Dedicates Trevor Project Award to Late Sister and LGBTQ Youth", "Cybill Disobedience: Cybill Shepherd returns to her Memphis hometown", "When Cybill Shepherd Was a Student at East High School", "Cybill Shepherd relaxes with her success", "Cybill Shepherd: 'There is a freakdom to beauty', Exclusive: Michael Biehn, Cybill Shepherd Cop, "No Ordinary Family Books Cybill Shepherd and Bruce! Due to a garbage strike, much of the on-screen filth is real. De Niro wore Paul Schrader's own wardrobe during filming, being a desperately poor and depressed screenwriter at this point in his career seemed a perfect match for Robert's naturalistic approach to his characters. 01:03. The olive-drab Army coat Travis is wearing, is a pre-mid 70s M65 jacket. as Betsy in Taxi Driver, as Maddie Hayes on Moonlighting, Shop . Sigourney Weaver was offered the role of Betsy, but turned down the part. Cybill Shepherd on working with director Martin Scorsese in Taxi Driver. He decided to take the role as the pimp, even though in the script, he was black, and only had about five lines. 14 years after the film's cinema release, Robert De Niro starred opposite Robin Williams in Awakenings (1990). Robert De Niro's on-and-off girlfriend in the 1970s, Diahnne Abbott, appears as the concession girl in the porno theater near the beginning of the film who seems to be aloof to Travis Bickle. Though she first rose to fame as the star of classic films like "Taxi Driver," Cybill Shepherd's second act was as a television star. Psychologically Travis's failures at socializing, particularly with women, stem from his lack of experience and education. A series of less-successful roles followed, including The Lady Vanishes, a remake of Alfred Hitchcock's 1938 film of the same name. Actress Sela Ann Ward was a Bama Cheerleader and Homecoming Queen back in 1976. Errol Flynn was a former Hollywood actor and a character (played by Jude Law) in Martin Scorsese's The Aviator (2004). Martin Scorsese: had a cameo in the film as a passenger in the taxi. Columbia Pictures is the studio that released the film. Travis takes a job as a night shift taxi driver to cope with his chronic insomnia and loneliness. The restaurant where the cabbies gather to eat was a real-life hangout for taxi drivers called the Belmore Cafeteria at 28th Street and Park Avenue South. The other two films are Fingers (1978) and Rising Sun (1993). It never went any further than the idea stage, but it was an eerie coincidence when De Niro found Paul Schrader and this film a few years later. Kim Basinger was offered the role of Iris, but had to turn down in order to continue to work as a model. Jean-Paul Sartre's novel "La Nause" proved to be a major inspiration for Paul Schrader's script. Moonlighting, by the way, wasn't her first go as a regular on a TV show -- she had co-starred with Sam Elliott in The Yellow Rose in 1982-83. After the initial scoring sessions, Scorsese called his composer again, insisting that he needed one more musical cue, a sting, a single frightening chord. Jodie Foster was twelve years old when the movie was filmed, so she could not do the more explicit scenes (her character was also twelve years old). Here, culled from some of the many things that have been written about the film, are a handful of tidbits you may not have known. The total budget was around 1.8 million dollars, of which, less than two hundred thousand dollars went to talent salaries. Taxi Driver was Cybill Shepherd 5 movie appearance. How old was Norman Matlock in Taxi Driver. Schrader and Scorseses stock rose that year, too, and once De Niro came onboard, the previously unfilmable Taxi Driver became a possibility. Oliver Stone believes he was one of the models for Travis Bickle, pointing out that he was being taught by Martin Scorsese at New York University film school at the time, and like Travis, he was a Vietnam veteran turned New York City cabdriver, and wore his olive drab Army coat while on-duty. She had an older sister, Terry, and has a younger brother, William. In 1976, Martin Scorsese held a private screening of his film at New York's Plaza Hotel for a small group of friends that included his parish priest and lifelong mentor Reverend Francis Principe. The full list is: Mean Streets (1973), Taxi Driver (1976), Falling in Love (1984), Off Beat (1986), The Pick-up Artist (1987), The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), Bad Lieutenant (1992), Monkey Trouble (1994), Somebody to Love (1994), Smoke (1995), Blue in the Face (1995), and Lulu on the Bridge (1998). as a psychotic mantra. Screenwriter Paul Schrader has said in interviews that Pauline Kael "was a second mother to him." Paul Schrader decided to make Bickle a Vietnam veteran because the national trauma of the war seemed to blend perfectly with Bickle's paranoid psychosis, making his experiences after the war more intense and threatening. He has a strong inner life but lacks the education and cultural background to give voice to it, and instead uses whatever phrases around him to suit his purpose, often coming across as a "square" (as Iris notes) or as a mix of a "prophet" and "pusher" (as Betsy notes). Today Cybill Shepherd is 73 years old. The only camera direction that Paul Schrader wrote in the script was the overhead tracking shot after the bloody shoot-out. Bernard Herrmann's wife says that when Martin Scorsese, then relatively unknown, called her famous husband to ask Hermann to do the score, he at first refused saying, "I don't write music for car movies." He also studied mental illness, and during his off-time when filming 1900 (1976), visited a US Army base in Northern Italy and tape-recorded conversations with Midwestern soldiers so that he could pick up their accent. Harvey Keitel played her future mentor in Red Dragon (2002). The clash between Martin Scorsese, the MPAA and the executives at Columbia Pictures over the violent content of this film has gone into legend. Her first film was The Last Picture Show, also starring Jeff Bridges and Timothy Bottoms. Although Harvey Keitel's character is referred to as 'Matthew' or 'Sport' throughout the film, according to the text in the newspaper clippings seen at the end, his true name is Charles Rain. Brooks was also allowed to improvise during filming. Taxi Driver was Cybill Shepherd 5 . 00:52. Shepherd was born February 18, 1950, in Memphis, Tennessee. Martin Scorsese: Sitting down, behind Betsy as she walks into the Palantine campaign headquarters in slow-motion. Isabelle Adjani and Ornella Muti were each offered the role of Iris, but both turned it down. Paul Schrader originally set the film in Los Angeles, but it was moved to New York City because taxicabs were much more prevalent there than in Los Angeles. How old was Robert De Niro in Taxi Driver? line is closely paraphrased from Shane (1953). The film cast includes three Oscar winners: Robert De Niro, Jodie Foster, and Martin Scorsese; and two Oscar nominees: Albert Brooks and Harvey Keitel. Photo by Barry King/Alamy Stock Photo RM T2Y45D - ROBERT DE NIRO, CYBILL SHEPHERD, TAXI DRIVER, 1976 He was fired from the AFI, basically friendless, in the midst of a divorce, and was rejected by a girlfriend. Shepherd returned with good reviews for her work in Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver (1976). . Because Travis is such a loner, he's desperate for any interaction even if it's just with his own reflection. They said they'd see him every day sitting in the lobby or the hotel restaurant sketching or taking notes; so much so that Scorsese was tempted to stick him in the movie somewhere. . She went on to star with Bruce Willis in the highly recognized show, Moonlighting (1985), and won Shepherd two Golden Globe Awards. There are many variations on this legend, one saying that Scorsese was planning to take his own life; another says that he brought the gun to Columbia Pictures and threatened the executive until the executive relented. But listen, kids aren't stupid anymore, like they used to be. This movie received some boos when it first premiered at the Cannes Film Fesitval. In Paul Schrader's original screenplay, Iris was named Garth and had an attention span of about twenty seconds. Paul Schrader agreed to take about the same amount for his screenplay, despite having just sold another one (The Yakuza (1974)) for ten times that amount. How old was Cybill Shepherd in A Guide for the Married Woman? Martin Scorsese was reluctant to edit the climactic (and very bloody) shoot-out to avoid an X rating. Tom is shown arguing over the phone because the new 5000 campaign buttons had 'we' underlined instead of 'are' in their slogan 'We are the people'. Their relationship also hampered her career as the couple earned a sour reputation within Hollywood circles. Paul Schrader guessed that the thought of isolated anti-hero being a taxi driver may have been instilled by the Harry Chapin song "Taxi," which was a big hit at the time. Martin Scorsese said that when he filmed his cameo in the backseat of the taxi cab, he had to sit on a blanket to be able to be seen over the front seat, due to standing 5 feet and 3 inches. How old was Cybill Shepherd in While Justice Sleeps? [7] Also in 1972, Shepherd posed as a Kodak Girl for the camera manufacturer's then-ubiquitous cardboard displays. He thinks she's a lonely person he wants to connect with, but he goes about interacting with her in a totally crazy way. One of the ideas he had was, in the words of biographer Shawn Levy, about a lonely man wandering New York City with guns and dreaming of an assassination. It never went any further than the idea stage, but it was an eerie coincidence when De Niro found Schrader and Taxi Driver a few years later. How old was Cybill Shepherd in Stormy Weathers? The film's most famous musical theme, the sensuous, saxophone-driven "So Close to Me Blues," was only partly composed by Bernard Herrmann. American psychological drama film directed by Martin Scorsese, written by Paul Schrader, and starring Robert De Niro, Jodie Foster, Cybill Shepherd, Harvey K. AboutPressCopyrightContact. While filming the movie near Times Square, Martin Scorsese shot footage of protesters throwing smoke bombs at a theater that was screening Coonskin (1974). Robert De Niro studied Midwestern dialects to come up with Travis Bickle's flat voice. For two years Shepherd kicked butt and took names, staking her claim as one of the countrys top models. The Hollywood veteran - who got her start 50 years ago and is best known for working. acting and on her screen debut in, During an appearance at the Emmy Awards, she wore orange Reebok Freestyle hi-top sneakers. Robert De Niro improvised that whole paranoid monologue, including what would become the movies most famous line. Paul Schrader was raised by strict Calvinist parents, so movies were forbidden in his household growing up. Travis Bickle : Yeah. According to Shepherd's autobiography, a 1970 Glamour magazine cover caught the eye of film director Peter Bogdanovich. This misguided male focus, portrayed so often in film, for instance "Marty" (1955), or just about any teen exploitation film from the 80s onward, could have been prevented with a simple readjustment of his self image; with realistic expectations, and would have saved him a lot of grief, and bloodletting. His general overall seriousness and total lack of a sense of humor and his Sarcasm Failure (in his conversations with Iris, Sport, Wizard and Betsy) are also a key part of his general social failure and his eventual breakdown. I'll kill ya ' " This coincidence is odd, & darkly funny, given that some critics view shootout to be almost humorous. This (movie) shows that kind of thinking, shows the kinds of problems some men have, bouncing back and forth between (their perception of women as) goddesses and whores.". [2][3] Cybill was named using a name blend that referred to her grandfather Cy and her father, Bill. He said, "It was a terrible idea" and "in Marty's mind, it never was something that should be done.". Directed by Elaine May, it was another critical and box office hit. When Brian De Palma was attached to the project, he wanted Melanie Griffith to play Iris, but after two weeks of casting, both Griffth and De Palma were fired. The shooting schedule for the film was set at forty days. Jodie, being a very young but very observant and intuitive young actress, incorporated this character trait into the scene. According to Shepherd, Scorsese had requested a "Cybill Shepherd type" for the role. : Cybill Shepherd Guest-Starring on CBS Comedy", "First-rate second cast on Broadway in 'Gore Vidal's The Best Man', "REVIEW: Gore Vidal's 'The Best Man' looks better than ever", "Cybill Shepherd rekindles Christian faith, says she's 'talking to Jesus' again', October 20, 2014", "In Pictures: US Abortion March - Actresses Cybill Shepherd, Whoopi Goldberg and Ashley Judd were among those marching", "Cybill Shepherd works with her daughter on 'The L Word'. But she was always a Cybill Shepherd type., Additional Sources:Easy Riders, Raging Bulls, by Peter BiskindDe Niro: A Life, by Shawn Levy, 2023 Minute Media - All Rights Reserved. Robert De Niro thought 1976s Taxi Driver had the potential to be a movie people would still be talking about 50 years later. Cybill Shepherd took $35,000; the director made $65,000. Schrader later said the first movie he ever saw was 1961s The Absent-Minded Professor, which presumably was not an inspiration for Taxi Driver. He's psychologically and emotionally stuck in junior high, with his inability to gauge his own social status with the opposite sex, and his attempts to score "out of his league", based on a woman's appearance and glamour alone. Schrader later said, We always said we were looking for a Cybill Shepherd type. The fact that he lies to his parents about his life also opens up the possibility of some issues there. How old was Cybill Shepherd in There Was a Little Boy? Her film debut and breakthrough role came as Jacy Farrow in Peter Bogdanovich's coming-of-age drama The Last Picture Show (1971) alongside Jeff Bridges. Harvey Keitel was originally offered the part of the campaign worker, eventually played by Albert Brooks. Cybill Shepherd is a 72 years old actress from United States of America from Memphis, Tennessee. Martin Scorsese said in an interview that the Movie was inspired by Satyajit Ray's "Abhijaan" (1962) . do it with (or 'to') women very much, maybe the 'do' is as hostile as it sounds."[10]. (1972) and Taxi Driver (1976). She also had roles as Kelly in Elaine May's The Heartbreak Kid (1972), Betsy in Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver (1976), and Nancy in Woody Allen's Alice (1990). He also shared with Bickle the sense of isolation from being a mid-Westerner in an urban center. It was shortly after this meeting that Scorsese got the idea to de-saturate the color in the scene as seen in the final film. [32], In October 2014, Shepherd said that she had reconnected with her Christian faith. The hauntingly beautiful sax solos throughout the film are performed by Ronny Lang, who played with Les Brown and others in his career. Roger Ebert, who gave the movie a positive review, said, "Well if they took out the violent climax, Gene, this wouldn't be the same movie." The film became a critical and box office hit, earning eight Academy Awards nominations and winning two. During the shows run, she won two Golden Globes as well as an Emmy nomination. Hermann only accepted after reading the script, and then wrote a highly original score using dissonant brass to punctuate the inner emotions of Travis. This would be approximately 1/4 of the MSRP at that time. Travis purchases four handguns from Easy Andy. Many of Bernard Herrmann's cues for this film were either unused, or used in the wrong scenes. Phillips further revealed that Scorsese and Shepherd had a difficult relationship on-set, with Scorsese having to feed Shepherd line readings to achieve a credible performance. Who doesn't want to win an Emmy?". . Included among the American Film Institute's 2005 list of 250 movies nominated for AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores. In 2014, Paul Schrader said that it was not being made. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Taxi Driver (DVD, 1976) Robert De Niro , Jodie Foster - Like New Region 4 at the best online prices at eBay! At this point, she was romantically involved with Bogdanovich and they made Daisy Miller(1974) and At Long Last Love(1975) together. Cybill Shepherd is the rare model-turned-actress who has thrived in both worlds. A year later, Shepherd was cast as Maddie Hayes on Moonlighting (19851989), which became the role that defined her career. In Seven Psychopaths (2012), psychotic Los Angeles actor Billy Bickle (Sam Rockwell) believes himself to be the illegitimate son of Travis Bickle. He had begun his film career in Hollywood writing the music for Citizen Kane (1941). Harvey Keitel rehearsed with pimps to prepare for his role. Education The prickly Herrmann responded, "Oh Yeah? 4 how old was cybill shepherd in taxi driver; 5 Search - Taxi Driver on DVD; 6 13 Surprising Facts About Taxi Driver; 7 Cybill Shepherd - Rotten Tomatoes; 8 Cybill Shepherd - Age, Family, Bio - Famous Birthdays; 9 Why Paul Schrader had to change Harvey Keitels character in Taxi Driver; 10 Taxi Driver (1976) - Trivia - IMDb; 11 . It is no wonder that she gave the film such a glowing review. . However, Blair also withdrew, and Scorsese later replaced Blair with Jodie Foster, but there were more than two hundred applicants for the role. In Paul Schrader's original screenplay, the characters of Sport, the Mafioso, and the hotel clerk were all black. But the video game was canceled and never made it to stores. In a letter wrote to Foster, he told her that he was going to assassinate the President, so he could impress her. Director Martin Scorsese plays two different roles in the film: a man standing outside the campaign office (for which he goes uncredited), and the disturbing taxi passenger (for which he is credited). When Taxi Driver was released, Cybill Shepherd was 25 years old. Between the time Robert De Niro signed a $35,000 contract to appear in this film, and when it began filming, he won the Oscar for his role in The Godfather Part II (1974), and his profile soared. Schrader relented. When Martin Scorsese agreed to direct, he brought Robert De Niro on-board with him, much to the delight of Julia Phillips. Mia Farrow reportedly wanted the role of Betsy, but Martin Scorsese turned her down. After the screening, the Catholic priest commented, "I'm glad you ended it on Easter Sunday, and not on Good Friday." When Taxi Driver was released, Cybill Shepherd was 25 years old. How old was Albert Brooks in Taxi Driver? She also played the object of De Niro's affections in Scorsese's, The King of Comedy (1983). Her mother's name is Patty Shepherd, and she is a homemaker. Travis gets charged $10 for the room that Iris takes him up to. Later we see that the button company actually ended up making new buttons with 'are' underlined instead of 'we'. Their daughter, Clementine Ford, was born in 1979. Director Martin Scorsese's parents (Charles Scorsese and Catherine Scorsese) appear as Iris' parents in the newspaper article hanging on Travis' wall at the end of the movie. This lead to her when they're 10 week old] Sometimes I feel closer to one than to the . They would then rehearse the diner scene over and over to the point where Foster got bored, but still De Niro would insist they continue rehearsing. Jodie Foster beat Mariel Hemingway, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Heather Locklear, and Kristy McNichol. How old was Cybill Shepherd in Telling Secrets? Bernard Herrmann's score for this film was not only his last, but is one of the textbook examples of a film score not as mere background, but as a major, integral character in the film. Many critics and fans have speculated that Travis Bickle actually died during the climatic shoot-out, and the scenes where he recovers, is thanked by Iris' parents via letter, and talks to Betsy when she happens to ride in his taxi by chance, are either his dying delusions, or pure fantasy. And I've never observed or talked to a teenage prostitute. Paul Schrader was inspired to write the script after reading the published diary of Arthur Bremer, the man who was convicted of shooting Presidential hopeful George Wallace. Movie-Facts.com is a database with facts about movies and actors. [26], She was present at the opening of the National Civil Rights Museum in her hometown of Memphis, to which she lent financial support.[27]. Paul Schrader wrote the part of Travis with Jeff Bridges in mind, who was in the movie Stay Hungry (1976) during the filming of Taxi Driver. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Taxi Driver [Collector's Edition] [DVD] Robert De Niro, Harvey Keitel at the best online prices at eBay! In 2011, Empire Magazine described this movie as "a vivid fever dream we still haven't woke up from.". When talking to the Secret Service Agent, Bickle gives the false name of Henry Krinkle. I think the measure of your success to a certain extent will be the If youre a fan of this iconic movie, then yeah: were talkin to you. This explains why the blood appears to be pink instead of red in that scene. Kristy McNichol auditioned six times for the role of Iris. Facts about Cybill Shepherd. What role did Cybill Shepherd play in Taxi Driver? Very few changes were made to Paul Schrader's script from the first draft pitched to Martin Scorsese to the final draft. Both movies received horrendous reviews and her relationship with Bogdanovich became strained. How old was Diahnne Abbott in Taxi Driver? After taking a break in her career to have her first child, Clementine Ford, she returned to Hollywood in 1983, . Building inspectors at the scene said they had found corroded angle irons under the stoop of the six-story walk-up, which was built around the turn of the century, and most likely gave-in due to age. Cybill Shepherd on Neil Simon, writer of The Heartbreak Kid. In an interview with Roger Ebert upon the film's release, Martin Scorsese called it "my feminist film because it takes macho to its logical conclusion. In 1976, an up-and-coming director named Martin Scorsese wanted a Cybill Shepherd type for his next movie, Taxi Driver. There is some discrepancy over whether Willis and Shepherd detested each other or had such fantastic chemistry a romance almost started. Sources: (Pinterest; IMDB), Left: Cybill Shepherd and Charles Grodin in 'The Heartbreak Kid,' 1972. Producer Julia Phillips told in her autobiography that Cybill Shepherd had a hard time remembering her lines during the coffee-and-pie scene with Robert De Niro. Jodie Foster is famous for two very iconic movies about psychopaths: Taxi Driver (1976) and The Silence of the Lambs (1991). In late January 2005, a sequel was announced by De Niro and Scorsese. He only has three guns with him in the shootout at Iris's apartment, as he handed over the Walter copy to the storekeeper when he shot the robber. Scorsese said that the cab ride with Travis and Betsy is a real event, with Travis' ambiguous look after she leaves the cab indicating uncertainty over his own thoughts. In 2010, Variety reported rumors that Lars von Trier, Scorsese, and De Niro planned to work on a remake of the film with the same restrictions that were used in The Five Obstructions. Eerily, Bremer was twenty-six-years-old in 1976 (the year the film was released), the same age as Travis Bickle in the film, and Schrader was twenty-six when he first wrote the screenplay, in 1972. When Travis meets pretty campaign worker . And if you want to call it a friend, you can call it a friend. Prior to the crime, Hinckley had been stalking Jodie Foster at Yale University, due to his obsession with her character Iris in this film. ", Included among the "1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die.". . Jennifer Jason Leigh did an audition for the role of Iris, but came close to Jodie Foster on the final day of auditions. After all, I am an Oscar winner you know!" Jodie Foster's older sister doubled for some of Jodie's lewder scenes. However, Martin Scorsese has confirmed in interviews that Bickle was definitely a Vietnam veteran. And I think you need something.
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