A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________. endobj Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. York University, Toronto, Ontario. In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in, The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the, Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because, of the extreme effect it was having on the participants, Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. >> 4. The three components of attitude are _____, thoughts, and actions. Specifically, they showed that if a person is forced to improvise a speech supporting a point of view with which he disagrees, his private opinion moves toward the position advocated in the speech. Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in stream Hence, one would expect the results on this question to be very similar to the results on "how enjoyable the tasks were" but weaker. If no factors other than his private opinion are considered it would follow, at least in our culture, that if he believes "X" he would publicly state "X." The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when a situation is, Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is. Why this might have been the case is, of course, not immediately apparent. If you have a negative attitude toward something, but you behave like you enjoy it, this causes dissonance. This study showed people are subjected to conformity for the first time scientifically. /H [ 658 210 ] Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. The Scientific Importance of the Experiment. Prejudice, s Stereotypes are defined as particular beliefs or assumptions about a human being based on their association with a group (Spielman, 2014, p.225). After two minutes the E returned, asked the girl to go into the experimental room, thanked the S for talking to the girl, wrote down his phone number to continue the fiction that we might call on him again in the future and then said: "Look, could we check and see if that fellow from introductory psychology wants to talk to you?". The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. Write to Dr. Dewey at psywww@gmail.com. Some have already been discussed. Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Psy 301: Social Psychology } 8LDR#sUFZTE_|@N. bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. enjoyable than the others would. After the S agreed to do it, the E gave him the previously mentioned sheet of paper headed "For Group B" and asked him to read it through again. Which of the following represents the cognitive component of an attitude? These results are the ones most directly relevant to the specific dissonance which we experimentally created It will be recalled that the tasks were purposely arranged to be rather boring and monotonous. 3. They were paid a lot of money to lie, and that explained why they lied. A fraction of the subjects were thanked and let go after being interviewed by another experimenter regarding ways on how the presentation of the boring tasks can be improved for future purposes. Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. To which he readily agrees. After completing the tasks, the participants were asked to persuade another student (who were already informed of the experiment confederates) into agreeing to participate. endobj Which of the following statements is TRUE? They will decide they wanted to do it anyway, or that maybe it was a good idea, in retrospect. (Goleman, 1991) The content of what the S said after the girl made the above-mentioned remark. Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. They present some evidence, which is not altogether conclusive, in support of this explanation. //document.getElementById('adblockmessage').style.display = 'block'; {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. Six chapters are new to this book; two are reprints of chapters . Some have already been discussed. $K{.-hC ;{l8S A follow-up psychiatric exam found no signs of psychological problems after 1 year. His task was to turn each peg a quarter turn clockwise, then another quarter turn, and so on. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page. Were the tasks interesting and enjoyable? that the participants who were paid $20 would experience less A theory of cognitive dissonance. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. <> But other factors would enter also. Jane nonetheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to her safety. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. Their attitudes changed to fit their behavior, reducing the uncomfortable feeling of dissonance. Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved, asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room, The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because, some people knew the shuttle was not OK to launch but did not speak up and therefore disrupt group cohesion, Chris's roommate asks Chris to do him a favor, and Chris agrees. correct. Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion? They did not have to change their attitudes to lie because the money served as ample justification (Cognitive Dissonance). 0 anything important? >> Putting these 11 in exception, the 60 remaining responses are the following: One of the questions that Festinger and Carlsmith were aiming to answer is how enjoyable were the tasks for the participants. /Size 61 D. It was Nicole's first year of high school. Which is (farther, farthest) away, the library of the park? ---------------------References: In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level. KING, B.T. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. The question was included because, as far as we could see, it had nothing to do with the dissonance that was experimentally created and could not be used for dissonance reduction. This difference in Sandy's playing is most likely the result of_______. This, however, was unlikely in this experiment because money was used for the reward and it is undoubtedly difficult to convince oneself that one dollar is more than it really is. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do. The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______. They were told that a sample of students would be interviewed after having served as Ss. Half of them were offered $1 to do the job, while the remaining half was offered $20. Subjects who received $20 had no problem explaining their behavior to themselves. The E then paid the S one dollar (twenty dollars), made out a hand-written receipt form, and asked the S to sign it. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell the next participant how exciting the experiment turning knobs was, which group reported on a follow-up questionnaire the most satisfaction in their knob-turning experience?, The "A" in the "ABCs" of attitudes is, refer to beliefs and . Alex, who is in the honors program, failed to do his share of the work on the group project with his four classmates. Before the subjects left the experiment, the experimenter commented that his research assistant would be unavailable to help the following day. (Boulding, 1969) Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. The self-fulfilling prophecy is a negative outcome of______. What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? 0000010779 00000 n In order to teach her second grade students about ______, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. You have created 2 folders. At the beginning of the Festinger and Carlsmith experiment, student volunteers were asked to perform a simple and boring task. /T 679093 0000012870 00000 n 5. dissonance, and as a result, they would rate the task as less What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. The stove is too large to be moved out of his way, so he has to learn not to touch it -even when Martha isn't looking. This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. From this point on they diverged somewhat. The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution. x]#q/`aC+Khiflm( bc@'QV-a7:o1O7y?wo7.b7F^pZ{e>8_wonz&T=PJe~xw_}ba\ZXH%ll7qAa;;M?3)8T.Vw_G[H}FYc8svcf0w_~7],+g~aEo~}8/q'f. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. New York Times, p.C1. This project has received funding from the, You are free to copy, share and adapt any text in the article, as long as you give, Select from one of the other courses available, https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance, Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. The One Dollar condition is higher than the other two. In the . Furthermore, since the pressure to reduce dissonance will be a function of the magnitude of the dissonance, the observed opinion change should be greatest when the pressure used to elicit the overt behavior is just sufficient to do it. Group B was given introduction by an experimenter, presenting the tasks in an interesting and enjoyable tone. Why are black people stopped by police more than white people? We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. The Control condition gives us, essentially, the reactions of Ss to the tasks and their opinions about the experiment as falsely explained to them, without the experimental introduction of dissonance. /N 8 Is it simply the actions of an explicitly racist contingent? Festinger and Carlsmith then investigated whether there's a standing evidence of cognitive dissonance where boring tasks were seen as enjoyable. That is it. John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following? moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. In evaluating the total magnitude of dissonance one must take account of both dissonances and consonances. /Contents 58 0 R Participants who agreed to do this were paid either $1 or $20. Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. Chris is showing, Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. Marco is using an example of. The new edition of Cognitive Dissonance: Re-examining a Pivotal Theory in Psychology contains 12 chapters and three appendices. Like in every other study, there are some responses that are deemed to be invalid. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is. Twenty Dollar condition. Research has found that the view that opposites attract, According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of, Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. The other group was paid 1/20th as much, the equivalent of about $5 now. In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson. As the E and the S started to walk to the office where the interviewer was, the E said: "Thanks very much for working on those tasks for us. The five ratings were: 1. If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior? Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. Let us think of the sum of all the dissonances involving some particular cognition as "D" and the sum of all the consonances as "C." Then we might [p. 204] think of the total magnitude of dissonance as being a function of "D" divided by "D" plus "C.". Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about. The other fraction was given the option to take the place of the experimenter, which required them to give an interesting explanation to the next group. test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. 47 14 You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. Their prediction provedcorrect. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson They changed their attitudes to relieve the dissonance and fully believed that the activities were interesting. Explanation: In the experiment Festinger and Carlsmith asked the participants to do a dull task. The formation of in-groups and out-groups, The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is, Strategies for overcoming prejudice include. In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself.